Risks and Complications of Central Venous Catheters: What Patients Should Know
While central venous catheters are extremely useful, they come with possible risks that require ongoing awareness and proper care. Understanding these complications helps patients and providers take preventive steps and recognize early warning signs.
Infection is one of the most significant risks associated with CVCs. Because the catheter enters a major vein, bacteria can travel directly into the bloodstream, potentially causing a serious condition known as catheter-associated bloodstream infection. Strict hygiene, sterile dressing changes, and proper handling are essential to minimizing this risk.
Another complication is thrombosis, or blood clot formation around the catheter. This can lead to swelling, pain, or difficulty using the catheter. In some cases, anticoagulation therapy may be needed to treat or prevent clotting.
Mechanical issues can also occur. The catheter may become blocked, kinked, or dislodged, affecting its function. Blockages are often caused by dried medication residue or fibrin buildup, requiring special flushing techniques or medication to clear.
Pneumothorax, though rare, is a potential risk during insertion—particularly with subclavian placement. It occurs when air enters the space around the lungs, requiring medical intervention. Ultrasound guidance greatly reduces this risk.
Patients may also experience phlebitis, or vein irritation, especially with PICC lines. Bruising, discomfort, or swelling along the arm are common symptoms.
Understanding these risks allows patients to stay vigilant. Prompt reporting of symptoms ensures rapid intervention, helping maintain the catheter’s safety and effectiveness.